Article 50(2) of the Constitution applies to the Accused person only.

Right to bail/bond is not absolute and when it could be restricted.

Balancing State interest vs Individual rights in bail/bond application.

Application of Strict scrutiny rule.

Criteria for granting or denying bail/bond.

Right to bail/bond is not absolute and when it could be restricted.

Guidelines to determine whether bail/bond is excessive.

Bail pending appeal.

One cannot appeal against a conviction on one's own guilty plea except to the legality of the plea.

The test is a substantive one and not a formalistic one

Preferably, no more than 12 counts should be laid in one charge sheet.

A retrial can only be ordered where the court is convinced that conviction can be achieved

If they are two independent charges, one cannot be subsumed in the other

Circumstances in which a retrial can be ordered.

One should be sure that no other coexisting circumstance would weaken the evidence.

Prosecution must prove its case beyond reasonable doubt.

No corroboration is needed for a dying declaration to support conviction.

Justification on use of circumstantial evidence.

Principles to determine whether circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction.

In cases of circumstantial evidence, there is always a danger that suspicion may replace legal proof

Total cumulative effect of all the proved circumstances must be conclusive in establishing guilt.

This doctrine must be corroborated so as to establish connectivity between accused and crime.

Prosecution must prove motive on the accused to commit the offence.

Suspicion, however strong cannot form a basis for inferring guilt, but purely based on evidence.

Cumulatively should be so complete, in all human probability, accused committed the crime.

malice aforethought causing death of another person by an unlawful act .

Circumstantial evidence is best evidence.

Law places no burden on him to prove his innocence.

By setting up alibi as defense accused does not assume burden of proving alibi.

It ought to be raised at the earliest opportunity.

It is in favor of accused unless state proves otherwise beyond reasonable doubt.

The procedure to be undertaken by the trial court when taking and recording an accused plea of guilt

whether a guilty plea is unequivocal or not depends on the circumstances of the case.

Failure to warn accused on minimum sentence of a crime does not vitiate well recorded guilty plea.

Prosecution should not allege commission of more than one offence in a single charge sheet.

Test for a fatally defective charge sheet.

Test for a defective charge sheet is a substantive one and not a formalistic one.

Prosecution has the powers and discretion when preparing the charge sheet and prosecuting.

Prosecution has the powers and discretion when preparing the charge sheet and prosecuting.

Lawyers should raise objections to a charge sheet if they see likely prejudice.

Rejection of charges amounts to a discharge under Criminal Procedure Code.

A charge sheet should give necessary information to accused to fulfill this right.

Accused does not need to plead afresh when a case starts denovo.

Amendment can be done by court at any stage of a trial before the close of the prosecution case.

Documents to be used during trial should be properly marked and listed to enhance convenience

Admissibility of circumstantial evidence

Conviction should be justified by total cumulative effect of all the proved circumstances.

Prosecution to establish motive as one of the chains linking the accused to the crime

Prosecution ought to dislodge the accused alibi defence as required in law.

The law places no burden on a defendant to prove his innocence.

Defence of alibi should be raised at the earliest opportunity.